

                     2.        


               ABORT

            #include <process.h>  ॡ ⮫쪮  
                                  㭪樨
            #include <stdlib.h>   ᯮ    <process.h>,
                                   <stdlib.h>
            void abort();

               ᠭ.

               㭪  abort  ᯥ뢠  ᮮ饭  "Abnormal program
         termination" (਩ (।) 襭 ணࠬ)  
         stderr,  ⥬ 稢 맢 ,  ࠢ
         ,  樨஢ 맢  (筮  -
          ⥬). 㭪 abort    ⮪.

               頥 祭.

               頥  室 3  parent-    -
         樮 ⥬.
               .⠪  execl,  execle,  execip,  execlpe, execv, execve,
         execvp, execvpe, exit, _exit, signal, spawnl,  spawnle,  spawnlp,
         spawnlpe, spawnv, spawnve, spawnvp, spawnvpe.

               ਬ:

            #include <stdio.h>

            main(args, argv)
            int argc;
            char *argv[];
            {
            FILE *stream;
            if ((stream=fopen(argv[argc-1],"r"))==NULL) {
               frpintf(stderr,
                       "%s couldn't open file %s\n", argv[0],
                       argv[argc-1]);
               abort();
               }

               /*  砭.   ணࠬ ࠭  argv[0] ⮫쪮 
         ᨨ MS DOS 3.0  ;  ࠭    argv[0]  ᮤন
         ப "". */

               }

               ࠧ  ப:

               update employ.dat

                室:


            C:\BIN\UPDATE.EXE  couldn't open file employ.dat.

               Abnormal program termination.
               (। 襭 ணࠬ).

               ABS

            #include <stdlib.h>          ॡ   ⮫쪮    
                                          㭪樨
            int abs(n);
            int n;                       楫 祭

               ᠭ.

               㭪  abs  頥  ᮫⭮ 祭 ᢮ 楫
         㬥 n.

               頥 祭.

               㭪 abs 頥 ᮫⭮ 祭 ᢮  㬥-
         . 頥 祭  砥 訡 .
               . ⠪ cabs, fabs, labs.

               ਬ:

            #include <stdlib.h>

            int x = -4, y;

            y = abs(x);
            printf("%d\t%d\n", x, y);.

                室:

            -4       4.


               ACCESS

            #include <io.h>          ॡ ⮫쪮  
                                     㭪樨

            int access(pathname, mode);
            char *pathname;          path- 䠩  ४
            int mode;                ࠧ襭 

               ᠭ.

                 䠩  㭪  access ।,   
         । 䠩,     㯥      ०
         mode.    祭 mode   祭  맮 access
         ਢ .


                          

                06         ஢ઠ         ⥭   
                           

                04         ஢ઠ         ⥭

                02         ஢ઠ         

                00         ஢ઠ   ⮫쪮  ⢮


                MS DOS  騥 䠩    ⥭, -
         ⮬ ० 00  04 ࠡ뢠     १. -
         筮, ० 06  02  묨, ᪮  MS DOS
            ।   ⥭.
                ४ਥ access ।,      -
           ४ਨ;    ࠢ MS DOS  ४ਨ 
           ⥭  .

               頥 祭.

               㭪 access 頥 祭 0, ᫨ 䠩    -
           ०  mode.  頥  祭 -1 ᢨ⥫ 
         ⮬,   䠩    㯥    
         mode,  errno ⠭    ᫥ 祭:

                              

            EACCES                 饭; ⠭  
                                   䠩   ᪠   -
                                 㯠

            ENOENT                 path-  


               .⠪ chmod, fstat, open, stat.

               ਬ:

            #include <io.h>
            #include <fcntl.h>

            int fh;
            .
            .
            .
            /* ஢ઠ 㯠   */
            if ((access("data",2))==-1 {
                   perror("data file not writable");
                   exit(1);
                   }

            else
                   fh=open("data", O_WRONLY);



               ACOS

            #include <math.h>

            double acos(x);
            double x;

               ᠭ.

               㭪 acos aa aપᨭ x  a  0  n.
         a祭 x    -1  1.

               aa a祭.

               㭪 acos aa १a aપᨭa. ᫨ x -
          -1   1, acos aaa errno  EDOM, aa -
         饭  訡 DOMAIN  stderr  aa 0.
               aa 訡    ஢aa    
         楤 matherr.
               .a asin, atan, atan2, cos, matherr, sin, tan.

               ਬ:

                ᫥饬 ਬ ணaa a a  a 
          , a  a祭  㤥  a  -1  1.

            #include <math.h>

            int errno;

            main()
                {
                float x,y;

                for (errno=EDOM;errno==EDOM;y=acos(x)) {
                    printf("Cosine=");
                    scanf("%f",&x);
                    errno = 0;
                    }
                printf("Arc cosine of %f = %f\n",x,y);
                }

            a 뢮a:

            Cosine = 3
            acos: DOMAIN error
            Cosine = -1.0
            Arc cosine of -1.000000 = 3.141593


               ALLOCA

            #include <malloc.h>    ॡ ⮫쪮  
                                   㭪樨


            char *alloca(size);
            unsigned size;         墠祭   ⥪

               ᠭ.

               楤 alloca 墠뢠  size  ⥪ ணࠬ.
         墠祭  ࠭⢮  ⮬᪨ ᢮  室
          㭪樨, 맢襩 alloca.

               頥 祭.

               楤 alloca 頥 㪠⥫ char    墠祭
         ࠭⢮.
                 ,    㪠뢠 頥 祭, -
         ࠭஢ ࠢ  ࠭  ⨯ ꥪ.  ⮡
           㪠⥫  ⨯, ⫨  char, ᯮ ८-
         ࠧ⥫ ⨯  頥  祭.  頥  祭
         NULL, ᫨ ࠭⢮  뫮 墠祭.
               .⠪ calloc, malloc, realloc.

               ।०.  祭 㪠⥫, 頥 楤-
         ன alloca,    㬥⮬  free.   alloca -
         ࠡ뢠 ⥪,   ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮    -
           뤥     ᯮ짮  ࠦ--
          㭪権.

               ਬ:

            #include <malloc.h>
            int *intarray;

            /* 墠뢠   ⥪  10 楫 */

            intarray=(int*)alloca(10*sizeof(int));


               ASCTIME

            #include <time.h>

            char *asctime(time);
            struct tm *time;       㪠⥫  ,
                                     <time.h>

               ᠭ.

               㭪  asctime ८ࠧ ६, ࠭  ,
          ᨬ ப. 祭 time 筮  砥    맮
         gmtime    localtime,   㪠⥫  
         tm,   <time.h> (c. gmtime  ᠭ   -
           tm).   ப, ࠡ⠭ asctime, ᮤন
         26 ᨬ   , ਢ   ਬ:

               Mon Jan 02 02:03:55 1980\n\0


               ᯮ 24 .       ﭭ  ਭ.
            ப ('\n')  㫥 ᨬ ('\0')   
         ᫥ 樨  ப.

               頥 祭.

               㭪 asctime 頥 㪠⥫   ᨬ  ப
         १. 頥 祭  砥 訡 .
               .⠪ ctime, ftime, gmtime, localtime, time, tzset.

               砭. 㭪樨 asctime  ctime ᯮ    
         ᪨ 墠祭   ࠭   ப १-
         .  맮     楤  㭨⮦  १
         ।饣 맮.

               ਬ:

            #include <time.h>
            #include <stdio.h>

            struct tm *newtime;
            long ltime;
            .
            .
            .
            time(&ltime);  /* ६  ᥪ㭤*/
            newtime=localtime(&ltime); /*८ࠧ  
                                        tm      ⭮
                                        ६   ப*/
            printf("the current date and time are %s\n",
                 asctime(newtime));


               ASIN

            #include <math.h>

            double asin(x);
            double x;

               a.

               㭪  asin  ᨭ x  ࢠ -n/2  n/2.
         祭 x    -1  1.

               頥 祭.

               㭪 asin 頥 १ ᨭ. ᫨ x  
         -1    1, asin ⠭ errno  EDOM, ⠥ ᮮ-
         饭  訡 DOMAIN  stderr  頥 0.
               aa 訡    ஢aa    
         楤 matherr.
               .a acos, atan, atan2, cos, matherr, sin, tan.


               ਬ:

            #include <math.h>

            int errno;

            main()

               {
               float x,y;
               for (errno=EDOM; errno==EDOM; y=asin(x)) {
                    printf("Sine=");
                    scanf("%f", &x);
                    errno = 0;
                            }
               printf("Arc sine of %f\n",x,y);
               }

                室:

            Sine = -1.001
            asin: DOMAIN error
            Sine = -1
            Arc sine of -1.000000=-1.570796


               ASSERT

            #include <assert.h>

            void assert(expression);

               ᠭ.

               楤  assert  ⠥ ᪮ ᮮ饭  -
         蠥 맢 , ᫨ expression ,  0.  -
         ᪮ ᮮ饭  :

            Assertion failed:  file <filename>, line <linenumber>,

          filename  -    室 䠩, linenumber -  ப,
          訡筠.
               ᫨ expression ⨭ (㫥),   ⢨  
         믮.
               楤 assert 筮 ᯮ  㦥  -
         ᪨ 訡  ணࠬ. ࠦ expression   -
           ⠪ ࠧ, ⮡  뫮 ⨭, ᫨ ணࠬ 믮-
           祭. ᫥ ⮣    ⫠  ணࠬ,  
           ᯮ짮 ᯥ樠 "no debug" 䨪 NDEBUG 
         㤠 맮 assert  ணࠬ. ᫨ NDEBUG ।  (-
           祭)  樥    ப  /D     ४⨢
         #define, ९ 몠  㤠  맮 assert    -
         室 ணࠬ.

               頥 祭.


               頥 祭 .

               砭. 楤 assert ॠ  .

               ਬ:

            #include <stdio.h>
            #include <assert.h>

            analyse_string (string)
            char *string;

            {
           /*  ஢ઠ ப । ࠡ⪮  */

            assert (string != NULL);      /*     NULL,
                                                  
                                            ப */
            assert (*string != '\0');     /*          
                                             ⮩ */
            .
            .
            .
            }.


               ATAN - ATAN2

            #include <math.h>

            double atan(x);      ⠭ x
            double x;

            double atan2(y,x);   ⠭ y/x
            double x;
            double y;

               ᠭ.

                 㭪樨 atan  atan2  १ ⠭.
         ᫨  㬥 atan2 ࠢ 0, 㭪 ⠭  errno  
         EDOM,  ⠥  ᮮ饭  訡 DOMAIN  stderr  頥
         0.
               aa 訡      ஢aa    ᯮ-
         a 楤 matherr.
               .a acos, asin, cos, matherr, sin, tan.

               ਬ:

            #include <math.h>

            printf("%.7f\n", atan(1.0));            /* n/4 */
            printf("%.7f\n", atan2(-1.0,1.0));     /* -n/4 */


                室:

            0.7853982
            -0.7853982


               ATOF-ATOL

               #include <match.h>     ᯮ   <match.h>,
               #include <stdlib.h>     <stdlib.h>.

               double atof (string);  ८ࠧ ப  string 
                                      double

               char *string           ப,   ८-
                                      
               int atoi (string)      ८ࠧ ப string  
                                      int

               long atol (string)     ८ࠧ ப string  
                                      long

               char *string           ப,   ८-
                                      

               ᠭ.

                㭪樨 ८ࠧ ᨬ ப  祭  -
         饩  窮    筮 (atof),  楫 祭 (atoi)
            楫 祭 (atol).
               室 ப string  ।⠢  ᮡ  ᫥⥫-
           ᨬ,    ஢  ᫮
         祭 । ⨯.
               㭪 ४頥 ⥭ 室 ப   ⮫쪮  -
             ᨬ,      ਭ  
         ᫠ (   NULL-ᨬ, 騩 ப).
               㭪 atof ।,  ப string   ᫥-
          :

               [whitespace][sign][digits][{d|D|E}[sign]digits]  ,

           [whitespase]  ⮨  ஡  /    ⠡樨,
          ; [sign] 砥 "+"  "-";  [digits]   -
         -    ᪮쪮  . ᫨ । 筮 -
           ,        ᫥ .  -
               ᫥  ⥫ ⥯, 
         ⮨  㪢 (d,D,e  E)  筮 楫  .
               㭪樨 atoi  atol  ࠡ뢠    窨  
         ⥫ ⥯. 㬥 string   㭪権  :

               [whitespace][sign]digits     ,

           whitespace,  sign,  digits   ,    atof.

               頥 祭.


                 㭪権 頥 祭 ⨯ double, int  
         long,  砥  १ 樨 室 ᨬ 
         ᥫ.

               頥 祭 ࠢ 0 (0L  atol), ᫨  室  
             ८ࠧ    祭  ⨯. 頥
         祭  ।  砥  ९.
               . ⠪ ecvt, fcvt, gcvt.

               ਬ:

               騥  ਬ 뢠,  ᫠, ᠭ  
         ப,   ८ࠧ  ᫮ 祭  ᯮ짮-
          㭪権 atof, atoi, atol:

               #include <math.h>

               extern long atol (\ );
               main (\ )
                     {
                     char *s;
                     double x;
                     int i;
                     long l;

                     s=" -2309.12E-15";
                     x=atof(s);
                     printf("%e\t",x);

                     s="7.8912654773d210";
                     x=atof(s);
                     printf("%e\t",x);

                     s="-9885";
                     i=atoi(s);
                     printf("%d\t",i);

                     s="98854 dollars";
                     l=atol(s);
                     printf("%ld\n",l);
                     }

               BDOS

            #include <dos.h>

            int bdos(dosfn, dosdx, dosal);
            int dosfn;                         㭪樨
            unsigned int dosdx;               祭 ॣ DX
            unsigned int dosal;               祭 ॣ AL

               ᠭ.

               㭪 bdos 믮 ⥬ 맮 MS DOS,   -

         ண ।  dosfn, ᫥ ࠧ饭 ᮮ⢥⢥  ॣ-
          DX  AL 祭 dosdx  dosal. 㭪 bdos 믮 -
          INT 21H  ⢫ ⥬ 맮.
               㭪   bdos       ᯮ짮    맮
         DOS-⥬ 맮,   ਭ 㬥⮢   ⮫-
          ਭ   ॣ DX(DH,DL) / AL.

               頥 祭.

               㭪 bdos 頥 祭 ॣ AX,  
         ⥬ 맮.
               .⠪ intdos, intdosx.

               砭.  맮   ᯮ짮  -
          ⥬ 맮,   㪠뢠 訡 ।⢮
         ⠭  䫠  ७.  .. -ணࠬ   㯠 
         ⮬ 䫠,  頥 祭     ।-
         .  ⮬ 砥 ᯮ 㭪 intdos.

               ਬ:

                 ᫥饬  ਬ 뢮 ᪠ 9 㭪樥 MS DOS
         (뢮 ப). ᪮ 祭 ॣ AL    -
         室,    । 0.  ਬ ࠡ⠥ ࠢ쭮 ⮫쪮
            ।  , ⠪  bdos   -
          ᥣ⮢ ॣ஢.

            #include <dos.h>

            char *buffer = "Enter file name :$";

            /* AL   室, ⮬ । 0 */

            bdos(9,(unsigned)buffer,0);

               BESSEL

            #include <math.h>

            double j0(x);

            double j1(x);

            double jn(n,x);

            double y0(x);

            double y1(x);

            double yn(n,x);

            double x;           祭  饩 窮
            int n;              楫 冷


               ᠭ.

               楤 j0, j1, jn  ᮮ⢥⢥ 㭪樨  -
         ᥫ ࢮ ⥯ 浪 - 0, 1  n.
               楤  y0, y1, yn  ᮮ⢥⢥ 㭪樨 -
         ᥫ ன ⥯ 浪 - 0,1  n. 㬥 x   -
         ⥫.

               頥 祭.

                㭪樨  १ 㭪権 ᥫ  x. -
          x  ⥫  y0, y1, yn, 楤  ⠭-
          errno  EDOM, ⠥ ᮮ饭  訡 DOMAIN  stderr 
         頥 ⥫쭮 祭 HUGE.
               aa  訡     ஢aa  
         楤 matherr.
               .⠪ matherr.

               ਬ:

            #include <math.h>

            double x, y, z;
            .
            .
            .
            y = j0(x);
            z = yn(3,x);


               BSEARCH

            #include <search.h>    ॡ ⮫쪮  
                                   㭪樨

            char *bsearch(key,base,num,width,compare);
            char *key;              ᪠
            char *base;            㪠⥫    ᪮   
                                   
            unsigned num,width;    ᫮  ࠧ ⮢
            int (*compare)();      㪠⥫  㭪  ࠢ

               ᠭ.

               㭪 bsearch ந    ஢
         ᨢ  num ⮢, ࠧ      ࠢ  width
         .  Base  -  㪠⥫  砫 ᨢ, key - 祭 
         ᪠.
               㬥 compare  㪠⥫  楤,  ⠢-
         塞  짮⥫,   ࠢ   ᨢ 
         頥 祭, ।饥  ⭮襭.  祭  ᪠
         㭪  bsearch    뢠 楤 compare   -
         쪮 ࠧ, ।   맮 㪠⥫     
         ᨢ. 楤  ࠢ ,  ⥬ 
           ᫥ 祭.


                           

             0         element1 , 祬 element2

               0             element1 ࠢ element2

             0         element1 , 祬 element2


               頥 祭.

               㭪  bsearch  頥  㪠⥫  ࢮ 宦
          key  ᨢ,   㪠뢠 base.
               ᫨ key  , 㭪 頥 NULL.
               . ⠪ lfind, lsearch, gsort.

               ਬ:

               /* 㭪 bsearch ந      -
           ᨢ      "key"    頥 㪠⥫ 
         ,  ன 室  key,  頥 NULL, -
           . */

            #include <search.h>
            #include <string.h>
            #include <stdio.h>
            int compare();

               /*     㭪 */

            main (argc, argv)
                 int argc;
                 char **argv;
                 {

                  char **result;
                  char *key = "PATH";

               /* ᫥騩    室  㬥,  稭騩  
         "PATH",  ।,  㬥 ᨪ᪨ -
         ஢ */

                  result = (char **)bsearch((char *)&key,
                           (char *)argv, argc, sizeof(char *),
                           compare);
                  if (result)
                     printf ("%s found\n", *result);
                  else
                     printf("PATH not found!\n");
                 }

            int compare (arg1, arg2)
                char **arg1, **arg2;

                {

                 return(strncmp(*arg1, *arg2, strlen(*arg1)));
                }.

               CABS

            #include <math.h>

            double cabs(z);
            struct  complex  z;  ᮤন  ⢥    
                                 

               ᠭ.

               㭪  cabs    ᮫⭮  祭 ᭮
         ᫠. ᭮ ᫮   ன  ⨯  complex,
           <math.h>, ᫥騬 ࠧ:
            struct complex  {
                    double x,y;
                    };

               맮 cabs ⥭ ᫥饬:

               sgrt(z.x*z.x + z.y*z.y)

               頥 祭.

               㭪 cabs 頥 ᮫⭮ 祭  ᠭ -
         .   ९ 㭪 뢠 楤 matherr, -
         頥 祭 HUGE  ⠭ errno  ERANGE.
               .⠪ abs, fabs, labs.

               ਬ:

            #include <math.h>

            struct complex value;
            double d;

            value.x = 3.0;
            value.y = 4.0;

            d = cabs(value);


               CALLOC

            #include <malloc.h>    ॡ ⮫쪮  
                                   㭪樨

            char *calloc(n,size);
            unsigned n;            ⢮ ⮢
            unsigned size;             
            ᠭ

               㭪 calloc 墠뢠 ࠭⢮  ࠭ -

           n ⮢,   size .   -
           0.

               頥 祭.

               㭪 calloc 頥  㪠⥫  char    墠祭
         ࠭⢮.
                 ,    㪠뢠 頥 祭, -
         ࠭஢ ࠢ  ࠭  ⨯ ꥪ.  ⮡
           㪠⥫  ⨯, ⫨  char, ᯮ ८-
         ࠧ⥫ ⨯ 頥 祭.
               頥 祭 NULL, ᫨ ⠫ 筮  -
         .
               .⠪ free, haloc, hfree, malloc, realloc.

               ਬ:

            #include <malloc.h>

            long *lalloc;
                 .
                 .
                 .
         /*  墠뢠 筮 ⢮   40 
         楫  樠   0 */

            lalloc=(long*)calloc(40, sizeof(long));


               CEIL

            #include <math.h>

            double ceil(x);
            double x;        祭  饩 窮

               ᠭ.

               㭪 ceil 頥 祭 double, ।⠢饥 -
         襥 楫, ஥   ࠢ x.

               頥 祭.

               㭪 ceil  頥  double  १.  頥
         祭  砥 訡 .

               .⠪ floor, fmod.


               ਬ:

            #include <math.h>

            double y;
            .

            .
            .
            y = ceil(1.05);    /* y = 2.0 */
            y = ceil(-1.05);   /* y = -1.0 */


               CGETS

            #include <conio.h>   ॡ ⮫쪮    
                                 㭪樨


            char *cgets(str);
            char *str;             ࠭ 

            ᠭ.

               㭪  cgets ⠥ ப ᨬ אַ  ᮫  -
          ப     ⮯, 㪠  str.  Str
           㪠⥫  ᨢ ᨬ.   ᨢ
         -  str[0]  ᮤঠ ᨬ  ( ᨬ) ⠥-
          ப. ᨢ   筮 訬,  ⮡  ᮤ-
           ப, ᨬ 砭 '\0'    ⥫  .
         㭪  cgets த 뢠 ᨬ,   㤥 -
         ⠭    "-"   । ⢮  ᨬ.
         ப  ,  稭  str[2]. ᫨   "-"
         ⠭, ।        㫥 ᨬ
         '\0'.
               㭪  cgets  ஬  ᨢ str[1] 
         ⢨⥫  ப.

               頥 祭.

               㭪 cgets 頥 㪠⥫  砫 ப, 
         室  str[2]. 頥 祭  砥 訡 .
               .⠪ getch, getche.

               ਬ:

            #include <conio.h>

            char *result;
            int numread;
            .
            .
            .
            *buffer=80; / *ᨬ쭮 ⢮ ᨬ */

            /* . *buffer ⭮ *buffer[0] */

               /* ᫥騥   ப    室
          : */

                result=cgets(buffer);
                numread=buffer[1];


               /* result 㪠뢠  ப, numread -     (""
          ⠥, ..  㫥 ᨬ */.

               CHDIR

            #include <direct.h>  ॡ  ⮫쪮   
                                 㭪樨

            int chdir(pathname);
            char *pathname;      path-    ࠡ祣 ४-
                                 

               ᠭ.

               㭪 chdir  ⥪騩 ࠡ稩 ४਩  ४-
         ਩, ।塞  pathname; pathname  뫠  -
         騩 ४਩.

               頥 祭.

               㭪  chdir 頥 祭 0, ᫨ ࠡ稩 ४-
         ਩ ᯥ譮 . 頥 祭 -1 㪠뢠   訡-
         ;    ⮬ 砥 errno ⠭  ENOENT, 㪠뢠, 
          path-    . 訡  , -
          pathname । ⥪騩 ࠡ稩 ४਩.
               .⠪ mkdir, rmdir, system.

               ਬ:

            #include <direct.h>

            /* ᫥騩   ⥪騩 ࠡ稩
            ** ४਩  ४਩    */

            chdir("/"); /* 砭: ⭮ chdir("\\") */



               CHMOD

            #include <sys\types.h>
            #include <sys\stat.h>
            #include <io.h>       ॡ ⮫쪮  
                                  㭪樨

            int chmod(pathname,pmode);
            char *pathname;       path- 饣 䠩
            int pmode;            ࠧ襭   䠩

               ᠭ.

               㭪 chmod  ࠧ襭   䠩, -
          path-. 襭  ࠢ ⥭   
         䠩. ⠭⭮ ࠦ pmode ⮨     -

          ⠭ S_IWRITE  S_IREAD, ।  <sys\stat.h>.
           㣮  祭   pmode .   
         ⠭,  ꥤ ᪨ ஬  (:). -
          㬥⮢ pmode ।⠢ .


                                   

            S_IWRITE                     ࠧ襭 

            S_IREAD                      ࠧ襭 ⥭

            S_IREAD : S_IWRITE           ࠧ襭 ⥭  

               ᫨ ࠧ襭    , 䠩  㯥  ⮫쪮
           ⥭.   MS DOS  䠩 㯭  ⥭, ⮬ -
           ࠧ襭  ⮫쪮    .  ⮬  ०
         S_IWRITE  S_IREAD : S_IWRITE  묨.

               頥 祭.

               㭪  chmod 頥 祭 0, ᫨ ࠧ襭 -
          ᯥ譮 . 頥 祭 -1 ᢨ⥫  
         訡;    ⮬ 砥 errno ⠭  ENOENT, 㪠뢠,
          । 䠩    .
               .⠪ access, creat, fstat, open, stat.


               ਬ:

            #include <sys\types.h>
            #include <sys.stat.h>
            #include <io.h>
            int result;
            .
            .
            .
            result=chmode("data",S_IREAD);
               /* ᮧ 䠩 ⮫쪮  ⥭ */
            if (result==-1)
               perror("can't change file mode");



               CHSIZE

            #include <io.h>      ॡ  ⮫쪮   
                                 㭪樨

            int chsize(handle,size);
            int handle;          handle-, 뫠騩  
                                 䠩
            long size;             䠩  

               ᠭ.


               㭪  chsize 㢥稢  㬥蠥 䠩, 易 
         handle-஬,  ࠧ, ।塞 㬥⮬ size.   -
                 ०,  ࠧ蠥 . ᫨ 䠩
         㢥稢,    㫥 ᨬ '\0'. ᫨ 䠩
         㬥蠥,       㪮祭 䠩  ࢮ-
         砫쭮  䠩 .

               頥 祭.

               㭪 chsize 頥 祭 0, ᫨ 䠩 ᯥ譮 -
         .  頥  祭  -1  ᢨ⥫   訡  
         errno ⠭    ᫥ 祭:

                          

            EACCES           䠩  ।  ⮫쪮   
                           ⥭.  ᨩ MS DOS 3.0  ,
                           EACCES ᢨ⥫  ਭ㤨⥫쭮
                           ஢.(। 䠩  -
                           ஢  㯠)

            EBADF           䠩 handle

            ENOSPC           ன⢥   ⠫  ᢮
                           

               .⠪ close, creat, open.

               ਬ:

            #include <io.h>
            #include <fcntl.h>
            #include <sys\types.h>
            #include <sys\stat.h>

            #define MAXSIZE 32768L

            int fh, result;
            .
            .
            .
            fh=open("data", O_RDWR|O_CREAT, S_IREAD|S_IWRITE);

            .
            .
            .
            /* । ⨥ 䠩 㦭 㡥,  
            **   32
            */
            if (lseek(fh,LO,2)>MAXSIZE)
               result=chsize(fh,MAXSIZE);


               _CLEAR87


            #include <float.h>

            unsigned int _clear87();  砥    頥 ᫮
                                        饩 窨

               ᠭ.

               㭪 _clear87 砥  ࠥ ᫮  饩
         窨.   饩 窨   樥  ᫮
           8087/80287  㣨 ﭨ,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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